IoT Based Electricity Energy Meter using ESP12 and Arduino (2023)

We all know about Electricity energy meters which are installed in everyone’s house or offices to measure the electricity consumption. At last of every month, many of us get worried about the high electricity bill and we have to look at the energy meter once in a while. But what if we can monitor our electricity uses from anywhere in the world and get an SMS/E-mail when your energy consumption reaches to a threshold value. Here we are building an IoT based Project of Energy Meter.

Previously we have built a Energy Meter circuit which sends you SMS about the bill using GSM module. In this project we make a Smart Electricity Energy meter using Arduino and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module which can not only sends you a SMS/Email of your electricity Bill but also you can monitor the energy uses anytime and from anywhere in the world. Here we have used a Current Sensor ACS712 to measure the energy consumption, we will discuss about it shortly.

We will take help of IFTTT platform to link our Wi-Fi to SMS/E-mail notifications. We will also use MQTT Dashboard Android App to monitor our Energy uses. So Lets Get started….

Materials Required:

1. Arduino Uno
2. ESP12/NodeMCU
3. ACS712-30Amp Current sensor
4. Any AC Appliance
5. Male-Female Wires

Working of ACS712 Current Sensor:

Before we start building the project it is very important for us to understand the working of the ACS712 Current sensor as it is the key component of the project. Measuring current especially AC current is always a tough task due to the noise coupled with it improper isolation problem etc. But, with the help of this ACS712 module which was engineered by Allegro thing have become a lot easier.

This module works on the principle of Hall-effect, which was discovered by Dr. Edwin Hall. According his principle, when a current carrying conductor is placed into a magnetic field, a voltage is generated across its edges perpendicular to the directions of both the current and the magnetic field. Let us not get too deep into the concept but, simply put we use a hall sensor to measure the magnetic field around a current carrying conductor. This measurement will be in terms of millivolts which we called as the hall-voltage. This measured hall-voltage is proportional to the current that was flowing through the conductor.

The major advantage of using ACS712 Current Sensor is that is can measure both AC and DC current and it also provides isolation between the Load (AC/DC load) and Measuring Unit (Microcontroller part). As shown in the picture we have three pins on the module which are Vcc, Vout and Ground respectively.

The 2-pin terminal block is where the current carrying wire should be passed through. The module work on +5V so the Vcc should be powered by 5V and the ground should be connected to Ground of the system. The Vout pin has an offset voltage of 2500mV, meaning when there is no current flowing through the wire then the output voltage will be 2500mV and when current flowing is positive, the voltage will be greater than 2500mV and when the current flowing is negative, the voltage will be less than 2500mV.

We will be using theAnalog pin of Arduinoto read the output voltage (Vout) of the module, which will be 512(2500mV) when there is no current flowing through the wire. This value will reduce as the current flows in negative direction and will increase as the current flows in positive direction. The below table will help you understand how the output voltage and ADC value varies based on the current flowing through the wire.

These values were calculated based on the information given in the Datasheet of ACS712. You can also calculate them using the below formulae:

Vout Voltage(mV) = (ADC Value/ 1023)*5000Current Through the Wire (A) = (Vout(mv)-2500)/185

Now, that we know how the ACS712 Sensor works and what we could expect from it. Let us proceed to the circuit diagram.

We have used this sensor to make Digital Ammeter Circuit using PIC Microcontroller and ACS712.

Circuit diagram:

Circuit diagram for IoT based Energy Meter using Arduino and NodeMCU is given above, connect ESP12 as below:

Connect Rx of ESP12 -> Tx of Arduino.

Connect Tx of ESP12 -> Rx of Arduino.

There is one analog pin available in NodeMCU (ESP12), we could use that pin but ESP series can take upto 3.3 volts on their pins. As we are using current sensor which can give upto 5 Volts so, it can damage our Wi-Fi module that’s why we are not using standalone NodeMCU.

To make output of current sensor 3.3V instead of 5V, we cannot use voltage divider circuit between Current sensor and analog pin of NodeMCU because as we discussed above about the current sensor that at 2.5Volts output, current is 0Amp.

So, Arduino will read the current sensor value through analog pin and send it to the Wi-Fi module ESP12 using Serial communication. Use voltage divider circuit at receiver pin of NodeMCU so that receiver pin can get upto 3.3 Voltage level.

To monitor our energy uses over the internet, we have to use MQTT broker. We will use MQTT broker as AdaFruit IO platform and follow the below process to make this IoT Energy Meter

1. Setting up an AdaFruit account for storing Electricity meter readings.
2. Create Applet in IFTTT for Triggering SMS/Email for Energy Meter
3. Codes for Arduino and ESP12Wi-Fi module.

Setting up an AdaFruit account for communication:

First, we will make a feed inAdaFruit IO. Feed stores the data sent by IFTTT. To make feed follow these steps:

Step 1:- Login to Adafruit IO with your credentials or Sign up if you don’t have an account.

Step 2:-Click on My account -> Dashboard

Step 3:-Click on Actions and Create a New Dashboard.

Step 4: Give name and description to your feed and click on Create.

Step 5: Click onKeybutton and note down the AIO Keys, we will use this key in our code.

Step 6: Click on ‘+’ button to create a new block and click on Gauge to display Energy uses level. You can also use simple text box to display energy.

Step 7: Now, Enter Name of Feed and click on Create. Then Select the feed and click on Next step.

Step 8:In block settings, fill the min. and max values as 0 and 100 respectively or you can modify as you want.

Step 9:Your Power feed is successfully created. Now, create feed to display Bill by clicking on “+” sign.

Now, we have to link AdaFruit IO to SMS/E-mail using IFTTT.

Create Applet in IFTTT for Triggering SMS/Email for Energy Meter:

Step 1: Login toIFTTTwith your credentials.

Step 2: On My Applets, Click onNew Applet

Step 3: Click on +this

Step 4: Search AdaFruit and click on it.

Step 5: Click on Monitor a feed on AdaFruit IO.

Step 6: Choose Feed as bill, Relationship as ‘equal to’ and the threshold value at which you want an E-mail. Click on Create action. I have used 4 as my threshold trigger value.

Step 7: Click on +that. Search for G-mail and click on it and Login with your g-mail credentials.

Step 8: Click on send yourself an email.

Step 9: Write your subject and body as shown and click to create.

Step 10: Your ‘recipe’ is ready. Review it and click on finish.

Now, we are done with web integration. Let’s move on coding part..

Code and Explanation:

We are using serial communication between ESP12 and Arduino. So, we have to write code for both Arduino and NodeMCU for transmitting and receiving.

Code for Transmitter Part i.e. for Arduino Uno:

Complete Arduino code is given at the end of this tutorial. We will use library for Current sensor which can be downloaded from this Link.

This library has inbuilt function to calculate current. You can write your code to calculate current but this library has accurate current measuring algorithms.

First, include library for current sensor as:

#include "ACS712.h"

Make an array to store power for sending it to NodeMCU.

char watt[5];

Create an instance to use ACS712-30Amp at PIN A0. Change First argument if you are using 20Amp or 5 Amp variant.

ACS712 sensor(ACS712_30A, A0);

In setup function, define baud rate of 115200 to communicate with NodeMCU. Call sensor.calibrate() function for calibrating current sensor to get accurate readings.

void setup() { Serial.begin(115200); sensor.calibrate();}

In loop function, we will call sensor.getCurrentAC(); function to get the current value and store in the float variable I. After getting current, calculate power using P=V*I formula. We use 230V because it is the common standard in European countries, Change to your local, if necessary

void loop() { float V= 230; float I = sensor.getCurrentAC(); float P = V * I;

These lines convert power into Wh.

 last_time = current_time; current_time = millis();  Wh = Wh+ P *(( current_time -last_time) /3600000.0) ; 

Now, we have to convert this Wh into character form to send it to NodeMCU, for this dtostrf(); will convert a float to a char array so it can then be printed easily:

  dtostrf(Wh, 4, 2, watt);

The format is:

dtostrf(floatvar, StringLengthIncDecimalPoint, numVarsAfterDecimal, charbuf);

Write this character array to serial buffer using Serial.write(); function. This will send Wh value to NodeMCU.

 Serial.write(watt); delay(10000);}

Code for Receiver Part NodeMCU ESP12:

For this we need AdaFruit MQTT library which can be downloaded from this link.

Now, open Arduino IDE. Go to examples -> AdaFruit MQTT library -> mqtt_esp8266

We will edit this code according to our AIO keys and Wi-Fi credentials and incoming serial data from the Arduino.

First, we included all the libraries for ESP12Wi-Fi Module and AdaFruit MQTT.

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>#include "Adafruit_MQTT.h"#include "Adafruit_MQTT_Client.h"

We define the SSID and Password for your Wi-Fi, from which you want to connect your ESp-12e.

#define WLAN_SSID "xxxxxxxx"#define WLAN_PASS "xxxxxxxxxxx"

This section defines the AdaFruit server and server port which is fixed as “io.adafruit.com” and “1883” respectively.

#define AIO_SERVER "io.adafruit.com"#define AIO_SERVERPORT 1883 

Replace these fields with your username and AIO keys which you have copied from AdaFruit site while making the Feed.

#define AIO_USERNAME "********"#define AIO_KEY "******************************"

Then we have created an ESP12WiFiClient class to connect to the MQTT server.

WiFiClient client;

Setup the MQTT client class by passing in the WiFi client and MQTT server and login details.

Adafruit_MQTT_Client mqtt(&client, AIO_SERVER, AIO_SERVERPORT, AIO_USERNAME, AIO_KEY);

Setup a feed called 'Power' and ‘bill’ for publishing to changes.

Adafruit_MQTT_Publish Power = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME "/feeds/Power");Adafruit_MQTT_Publish bill = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME "/feeds/bill");

In setup function, we connect Wi-Fi module to Wi-fi access point.

void setup() { Serial.begin(115200); delay(10); Serial.println(F("Adafruit MQTT demo")); // Connect to WiFi access point. Serial.println(); Serial.println(); Serial.print("Connecting to "); Serial.println(WLAN_SSID); WiFi.begin(WLAN_SSID, WLAN_PASS);….….…}

In loop function, we will check for incoming data from the Arduino and publish this data to AdaFruit IO.

void loop() { // Ensure the connection to the MQTT server is alive (this will make the first // connection and automatically reconnect when disconnected). See the MQTT_connect // function definition further below. MQTT_connect(); int i=0; float watt1;

This function check for the incoming data from the Arduino and store this data into watt[] array using serial.read() function.

 if(Serial.available() > 0 ){ delay(100); //allows all serial sent to be received together while(Serial.available() && i<5) { watt[i++] = Serial.read(); } watt[i++]='\0'; }

atof() function convert the characters to float values and we will store this float value in another float variable watt1 .

 watt1 = atof(watt);

Calculate bill amount by multiplying power (in Wh) with energy tariff and divide it by 1000 to make power in KWh.

 bill_amount = watt1 * (energyTariff/1000); // 1unit = 1kwH

Now we can publish stuff!

 Serial.print(F("\nSending Power val ")); Serial.println(watt1); Serial.print("...");

This piece of code is publishing power values to the Power feed

 if (! Power.publish(watt1)) { Serial.println(F("Failed")); } else { Serial.println(F("OK!")); }

This will publish electricity bill to the bill feed.

 if (! bill.publish(bill_amount)) { Serial.println(F("Failed")); } else { Serial.println(F("OK!"));}

Our bill amount may change fast but IFTTT takes time to trigger the applet so these lines will give time for triggering so that we can receive threshold email.

Change the bill_amount value on which you want to get email. Also, change in the IFTTT AdaFruit IO setup.

if (bill_amount==4){for (int i =0; i<=2; i++){ bill.publish(bill_amount);delay(5000);}bill_amount =6;}

Complete Code for Arduino and NodeMCU ESP12are given at the end of this tutorial.

Now, upload the codes to both the boards. Connect your hardware as shown in the Circuit diagram and Open io.adafruit.com. Open the dashboard you just created. You will see the Power consumption and electricity Bill is updating.

When your bill reached to INR 4 then you will get an email like this.

Android App for Monitoring Electricity Consumption:

You can use Android App for monitoring the values. For this download the MQTT Dashboard android app from the Play store or from this Link.

To setup connection with the io.adafruit.com follow these steps:

Step 1: Open the App and click on “+” sign. Fill Client Id anything you want. Server and port remain same as shown in the screenshot. You will get Username and password (Active key) from the AdaFruit IO dashboard as shown below.

Active Key is your password.

Step 2: Select Electricity Meter and select Subscribe. In subscription, give friendly name and topic. Topic format is ‘yourusername’/feeds/’feedname’ and click on create.

Step 3: In the same way, make subscription for bill feed.

Step 4: As your appliances consuming energy, updated values will be displayed under the Power and Bill.

This is how you can create a Smart Electricity Energy Meter, which can be not only monitored from anywhere in the world but also trigger Email when you have high Electricity consumption.

Also check our all the IoT Projects.